Patriotism Information
Patriotism is a devotion to one's country, excluding differences caused by the dependencies of the term's meaning upon context, geography and philosophy. In a generalized sense applicable to all countries and peoples, patriotism is a devotion to one's country.
It is a related sentiment to nationalism.[1][2][3]
The English term patriot is first attested in the Elizabethan era, via Middle French from Late Latin (6th century) patriota "countryman", ultimately from Greek πατριώτης (patriōtēs) "countryman", from πατρίς, "fatherland".[4] The abstract noun patriotism appears in the early 18th century.[5]
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History
The general notion of Civic virtue and group dedication has been attested in culture globally throughout the historical period.
Samuel Johnson famously referred to patriotism as "the last refuge of the scoundrel."Enlightenment England and France
In classical 18th century patriotism, loyalty to the State was chiefly considered in contrast to loyalty to the Church, and it was argued that clerics should not be allowed to teach in public schools as their patrie was heaven, so that they could not inspire love of the homeland in their students. One of the most influential proponents of this classical notion of patriotism was Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[1]
Conversely, in 1774, Samuel Johnson published The Patriot, a critique of what he viewed as false patriotism. On the evening of 7 April 1775, he made the famous statement, "Patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel."[6] This line was not, as widely believed, about patriotism in general, but the false use of the term "patriotism" by John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (the patriot-minister) and his supporters; Johnson opposed "self-professed Patriots" in general, but valued what he considered "true" patriotism.[7]
Philosophical issues
Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a national religion (a civil religion or even a theocracy). This is the opposite of the separation of church and state demanded by the Enlightenment thinkers who saw patriotism and faith as opposing forces. Others, such as Michael Billig or Jean Bethke Elshtain argue that the difference is difficult to discern and relies largely on the attitude of the labeller.[8]
Region-specific issues
- In the European Union, thinkers such as Habermas have advocated a Euro-patriotism, but patriotism in Europe is usually directed at the nation-state and often coincides with Euroscepticism.
Surveys
| Country | 1995-97 |
|---|---|
| USA | 3.72 |
| Venezuela | 3.73 |
| South Africa | 3.72 |
| India | 3.70 |
| Peru | 3.68 |
| Slovenia | 3.64 |
| Poland | 3.55 |
| Australia | 3.54 |
| Spain | 3.38 |
| Argentina | 3.29 |
| Sweden | 3.13 |
| Moldova | 2.98 |
| Japan | 2.85 |
| Russia | 2.69 |
| Switzerland | 2.59 |
| Lithuania | 2.47 |
| Latvia | 2.10 |
| Germany | 1.37 |
| Average | 3.12 |
Several surveys have tried to measure patriotism for various reasons, such as the Correlates of War project which found some correlation between war propensity and patriotism. The results from different studies are time dependent. For example, patriotism in Germany before the Great War (WWI) ranked at or near the top, whereas today it ranks at or near the bottom of patriotism surveys.
The Patriotism Score tables here are from the World Values Survey and refer to the average answer for high income residents of a country to the question: "Are you proud to be [insert nationality]?" It ranges from 1 (not proud) to 4 (very proud).[9]. The higher value for Germany in 1990-92 likely reflects a temporary effect from reunification occurring then.
| Country | Score 1990-92 |
|---|---|
| Ireland | 3.74 |
| USA | 3.73 |
| India | 3.67 |
| South Africa | 3.55 |
| Canada | 3.53 |
| Spain | 3.46 |
| United Kingdom | 3.38 |
| Denmark | 3.27 |
| Italy | 3.25 |
| Sweden | 3.22 |
| France | 3.18 |
| Finland | 3.17 |
| Belgium | 3.07 |
| Netherlands | 2.93 |
| Germany | 2.75 |
| Average | 3.26 |
See also
References
- ^ a b Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment By Harvey Chisick
- ^ "Nationalism" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ "Patriotism" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ^ πατριώτης, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ OED
- ^ Boswell, James (1986), Hibbert, Christopher, ed., The Life of Samuel Johnson, New York: Penguin Classics, ISBN 0-14-043116-0 .
- ^ Griffin, Dustin (2005), Patriotism and Poetry in Eighteenth-Century Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-00959-6
- ^ Billig, Michael. Banal Nationalism. London: Sage Publishers, 1995, p. 56-58.
- ^ Patriotism in Your Portfolio" Adair Morse, UofC 2008 Journal of Financial Markets, 2010. Volume 14 (2), pg 411-440.
Further reading
‹ The below () is being considered for deletion. See to help reach a consensus.›| Please expand this article. Some suggested sources are given hereafter. More information might be found in a section of the talk page. (January 2012) |
| Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Patriotism |
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Patriotism |
| Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article Patriotic Societies. |
- Charles Blattberg, From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First, Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-829688-6.
- Craig Calhoun, Is it Time to Be Postnational?, in Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Minority Rights, (eds.) Stephen May, Tariq Modood and Judith Squires. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. pp 231–256. Online at www.ssrc.org.
- Paul Gomberg, “Patriotism is Like Racism,” in Igor Primoratz, ed., Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002, pp. 105–112. ISBN 1-57392-955-7.
- Jürgen Habermas, “Appendix II: Citizenship and National Identity,” in Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, trans. William Rehg, MIT Press, 1996.
- Alasdair MacIntyre, 'Is Patriotism a Virtue?', in: R. Beiner (ed.), Theorizing Citizenship, 1995, State University of New York Press, pp. 209 – 228.
- Joshua Cohen and Martha C. Nussbaum, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, Beacon Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8070-4313-3.
- George Orwell, “Notes on Nationalism,” in England Your England and Other Essays, Secker and Warburg, 1953.
- Igor Primoratz, ed., Patriotism, Humanity Books, 2002. ISBN 1-57392-955-7.
- Daniel Bar-Tal and Ervin Staub, Patriotism, Wadsworth Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0-8304-1410-X.
- Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism, Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-829358-5.
Categories:
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Noun
patriotism (plural patriotisms)- Love of country; devotion to the welfare of one's country; the virtues and actions of a patriot; the passion which inspires one to serve one's country.
- 1803 Thomas Jefferson, Letter to George Clinton, volume ME 10:440:
- In the hour of death we shall have the consolation to see established in the land of our fathers the most wonderful work of wisdom and disinterested patriotism that has ever yet appeared on the globe.
- 1896 January 2 Leo Wiener, “Patriotism or Peace”, in The Kingdom of God is within You; Christianity and Patriotism Miscellanies, translation of letter to Manson by Count Lev N. Tolstoy:
- Patriotism cannot be good. What produces war is the desire for an exclusive good for one’s own nation – that is called patriotism. And so to abolish war, it is necessary to abolish patriotism, and to abolish patriotism, it is necessary first to become convinced that it is an evil.
- 1990, Ivana Edwards, “A funeral in Prague”, Massachusetts Review, volume 31, number 3, page 317:
- The most extraordinary positive development in Czechoslovakia since its creation in 1918, the tumultuous outpouring of patriotism and protest was dared by students and intellectuals and soon embraced steel-workers and elderly pensioners.
- 2006, Nov/Dec, “Danger and Opportunity in Eastern Europe”, Foreign Affairs, volume 85, number 6, page 117:
- Economic protectionism within the older member states has, in fact, increased in the past year. Calls for economic patriotism have given rise to efforts to create national champions designed to protect key strategic industries from foreign competition.
- 2007 Feb 6, Michael Moynihan, “For First Time, Croke Park Is Ireland^s Common Ground”, Washington Post:
- The idea that Ireland's rugby and soccer fans would have to go to England to follow their teams was intrinsically unpalatable, Kelly said, but he was also motivated by common sense: "That would have been an immense cost to the economy, it would have been a major drain on the fans, but the prestige and image of the country would also have been affected badly." / His pragmatic patriotism paid off.
- 2008 Jan 27, Pagag Khanna, “Waving Goodbye to Hegemony”, New York Times, page 34:
- In Europe's capital, Brussels, technocrats, strategists and legislators increasingly see their role as being the global balancer between America and China. Jorgo Chatzimarkakis, a German member of the European Parliament, calls it 'European patriotism.' The Europeans play both sides, and if they do it well, they profit handsomely
- 2008 February 15, Peter Ford, “Spielberg helps spoil China^s hope for a politics-free Olympics”, Christian Science Monitor, page 1:
- "It is not only an international sports event, but also a very important political mission," stated a 2006 opinion article in the People's Daily. "It is not only an Olympic feast for the Chinese people, it can also arouse Chinese patriotism."
- 2008, Jun 23, Lisa Ingrassia, “Flying High with Craig Ferguson”, volume 69, Iss. 24, page 71:
- "I have the intense patriotism of an immigrant," says Ferguson
- 1803 Thomas Jefferson, Letter to George Clinton, volume ME 10:440:
- (love of country): nationalism (not pejorative); jingoism, chauvinism, superpatriotism, ultranationalism (pejorative)