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Al-shabaab Information

Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen (HSM) (Arabic: حركة الشباب المجاهدين‎; Ḥarakat ash-Shabāb al-Mujāhidīn, Mujahideen Youth Movement or "Movement of Striving Youth"), more commonly known as al-Shabaab (Arabic: الشباب‎, "The Youth" or "The Lads") is an Islamist insurgent group fighting to overthrow the government of Somalia. As of summer 2010, the group is said to control most of the southern and central parts of Somalia, including "a large swath" of the capital, Mogadishu, where it is said to have imposed its own "harsh" form of Sharia law.[4] Estimates of al-Shabaab's strength, as of December 2008, vary between 3,000 to 7,000.

The group is an off-shoot of the Islamic Courts Union, which splintered into several smaller groups after its removal from power by Ethiopian forces in 2006.[5] The group describes itself as waging jihad against "enemies of Islam" and is engaged in combat against the Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM). It has reportedly "declared war on the UN and on Western non-governmental organizations" that distribute food aid in Somalia, killing 42 relief workers in 2008 and 2009.[4] It has been designated a terrorist organization by several western governments and security services,[6][7][8] and described as having "ties to Al Qaeda,"[4] which their leaders denied until early 2010.[9][10]

Because of its opinions and methods, Al-Shabaab, has been compared with the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[11]

Contents

Name

Al-Shabaab are also known as Ash-Shabaab, Hizbul Shabaab (Arabic, "The Party of Youth"),[12] and the Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations (PRM)[13] For short, the group is referred to as HSM, standing for Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen. The term Shabaab means "youth" in Arabic, and the group should not be confused with similarly named groups.

Organization and leadership

See also: Mujahideen

The organization's current leader is Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad, also known as Ibrahim "al-Afghani". It was originally run by Aden Hashi Farah "Ayro", who was appointed by Hassan Dahir Aweys, one of the leaders of ICU at the time of the organization's founding. After the death of Ayro, Sheikh Mukhtar Robow (also known as Abu Mansur) became leader until he was succeeded by Ali Zubeyr (Godane).[14]

Leaders

Amir

Other leaders:

Foreigners

Al-Shabaab is said to have non-Somali foreigners in its ranks, particularly at its leadership .[28] Fighters from the Persian Gulf and international jihadists were called to join the holy war against the Somali government and its Ethiopian allies. Though Somali Islamists did not originally use suicide bombing tactics, the foreign elements of Al-Shabaab are blamed for several suicide bombings.[29][30] UN's 2006 report stated Iran, Libya, Egypt and others in the Persian Gulf region as the main backers of the Islamist extremists. Egypt has a longstanding policy of securing the Nile River flow by destabilizing Ethiopia.[31][32] Similarly, recent media reports also cited Egyptian and other Arab jihadists as the core elements of the Al-Shabaab, who are training Somalis in sophisticated weaponry and suicide bombing techniques.[33]

Twenty or so Somali–American youth from the area of the Twin Cities in Minnesota[4] whose families emigrated to the United States have also reportedly been recruited to fight in Somalia.[34] In September 2009, a Somali–American from Seattle drove a truck bomb into an AMISOM base in Mogadishu, killing twenty-one peacekeepers and himself.[4][35] According to UN Security Council documents, submitted by the US there are some 280–300 non-Somali fighters being used by Somali rebel groups, mostly Al-Shabaab.[36] By December 2008 it was reported they had the backing of at least 1,200 foreign fighters in Somalia.[37] However, it is estimated that around 1,000 of those foreign fighters are in fact, ethnic Somalis from the Somali diaspora, with only ~200 being non-Somali foreigners.[38]

The foreign al-Shabaab commanders include:[39]

Foreign leaders:

One who was not mentioned but reported by the Long War Journal is

Terrorist designation

Shabaab is designated as a terrorist group by Australia,[41] Canada,[42] Norway,[7] Sweden,[8] the United Kingdom,[41] and the United States.[6]

History and activities

Main articles: War in Somalia (2006–2009) and 2007 timeline of the War in Somalia Map showing territorial gains made by al-Shabaab since January 31, 2009, when the civil war with Sharif Ahmed started.

While Al-Shabaab previously represented the hard-line militant youth movement within the Islamic Courts Union (ICU),[43] it is now described as an extremist splinter group of the ICU. However, since the ICU's downfall, the distinction between the youth movement and the so-called successor organization to the ICU, the PRM, appears to have been blurred.

Their core comprised veterans who fought and defeated the secular Mogadishu warlords of the Alliance for the Restoration of Peace and Counter-Terrorism (ARPCT) at the Second Battle of Mogadishu.[44] Their origins are not clearly known, but former members say Hizbul Shabaab was founded as early as 2004. Al-Shabaab also has various foreign fighters from around the world, according to an Islamic hardliner Sheikh Mukhtar Robow Abu Manssor.[45] Members have often described themselves as the nadir of Islamic Evil.[46][47]

As of January 2009, Ethiopian forces have withdrawn from Somalia and Al-Shabaab carries on its fight against former ally and Islamic Courts Union leader, President Sharif Ahmed, who heads the Transitional Federal Government.[4] Al-Shabaab has had success in its campaigns against the weak Transitional Federal Government, capturing Baidoa, the base of the Transitional Federal Parliament, on January 26, 2009, and killing three ministers of the government in a December 3, 2009 suicide bomb attack on a medical school graduation ceremony.[48]

Opposition

Complaints made against the group include its attacks on aid workers and harsh enforcement of Sharia law. According to journalist Jon Lee Anderson:

The number of people in Somalia who are dependent on international food aid has tripled since 2007, to an estimated 3.6 million. But there is no permanent foreign expatriate presence in southern Somalia, because the Shabaab has declared war on the UN and on Western non-governmental organizations. International relief supplies are flown or shipped into the country and distributed, wherever possible, through local relief workers. Insurgents routinely attack and murder them, too; forty-two have been killed in the past two years alone.[4]

Anderson also reports that enforcement of law against adultery or zina includes execution. In 2008,

in the port of Kismayo, a young girl accused of adultery was buried up to her neck in the field of a soccer stadium packed with spectators, and then stoned to death; her family said that she was only thirteen years old and had in fact been gang-raped. This summer, in the ancient coastal town of Merca, the Shabaab decreed that gold and silver dental fillings were un-Islamic, and dispatched patrols to yank them out of people's mouths.[4]

However scholar Bronwyn Bruton states that al Shabab has many factions and "has stirred only a few hundred true fanatics."

The disturbing acts of violence ... including beheadings and amputations and the pulling of gold fillings ... are often committed by illiterate children rather than radical leaders. There has been little reporting in the West of the fact that a wide majority of al Shabab factions have actively cooperated with international humanitaritan relief efforts – if only for a fee ...[49]

According to Bruton, al-Shabaab "is not a transnational terrorist organization."

Shabaab have persecuted Somalia's small Christian minority, sometimes affixing the label on people they suspect of working for Ethiopian intelligence.[50] The group has also desecrated the graves of prominent Sufi Muslims in addition to a Sufi mosque and university, claiming that Sufi practices conflict with their strict interpretation of Islamic law.[46][47] This has led to confrontations with Sufi organized armed groups who have organized under the banner of Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a.[51]

Timeline

This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2009)

2006

terrorism alliance"[53] (see page 39). (Also see ARPCT, Second Battle of Mogadishu)

2007

2008

Al-Shabaab achieved a military victory in the August 2008 Battle of Kismayo. After several days of fighting in which scores of deaths were reported, Al-Shabaab fighters defeated the militia of Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale and took control of the port city. Kismayo had been held by the TFG since January 2007.[60] The fighting in Kismayo is reported to have displaced an estimated 35,000 people. After the withdrawal of Hiiraale's fighters, Al-Shabaab commenced a peaceful disarmament process targeting local armed groups that had been contributing to insecurity in Kismayo.[61] The group has been blamed or claimed responsibility for, among other attacks, the February 2008 Bosaso bombings and the 2008 Hargeisa–Bosaso bombings.[62][63] By late 2008, it was estimated that the group controlled the whole of southern Somalia, except for some pockets of Mogadishu. This was more territory than that controlled by the Islamic Courts Union at the height of their power.[64]

In December 2008, Anwar al-Awlaki sent a communique to Al-Shabaab, congratulating them. He thanked them for "giving us a living example of how we as Muslims should proceed to change our situation. The ballot has failed us, but the bullet has not". In conclusion, he wrote: "if my circumstances would have allowed, I would not have hesitated in joining you and being a soldier in your ranks".[65]

2009

2010

Wikinews has related news:
  • UK to ban Islamist group al-Shabaab
  • Somali opposition group al-Shabaab to block WFP food aid

2011

Defections

In 2009, Al-Shabaab witnessed a number of its fighters, including several leaders, defect to Somalia's Transitional Federal Government. One such high profile defection was that in early November 2009 of Sheikh Mohamed Abdullahi (also known as "Sheikh Bakistani"), who commanded the Maymana Brigade. Sheikh Bakistani told Voice of America (VOA) Somali Services that he found the group's suicide missions and executions unbearable. He also indicated that his father, a well-known local religious leader, had visited him several times and helped convince him to defect. However, a spokesman for Al-Shabaab denied that Sheikh Bakistani was a member of the group.[94] During the same month, in an interview with Agence France-Presse (AFP) in Villa Somalia arranged by the Somali federal government, one former Al-Shabaab fighter reported being disillusioned with the group's direction, indicating that while he began fighting in 2006 "to kick out the Ethiopian invaders", he defected a month ago, "disgusted by the false interpretations Al-Shabaab give of Islam". Similarly, a formerHizbul Islam commander recently defected to the Somali government; one of his family members (another Hizbul Islam commander) had been murdered by Al-Shabaab militants as punishment for having escorted a UN convoy. He said in the VOA interview that "if you don't want to fight anymore, there's no point. That's why I quit".[95]

In early December 2009, Sheikh Ali Hassan Gheddi, who at the time served as Deputy Commander in-Chief of Al-Shabaab militants in the Middle Shabele region, also defected to the government, indicating that "Al-Shabaab's cruelty against the people is what forced me to defect to the government side. They extort money from the people and deal with them against the teaching of Islam". Another reason he gave for defecting was Al-Shabaab's recent prohibition on the UN World Food Programme (WFP) because he felt that it directly affects civilians.[96]

Support allegations

Eritrea

Eritrea is accused of providing military and financial support to Islamist group's in southern Somalia's conflict zones, including Al-Shabaab.

In December 2009, the United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on Eritrea, accusing the Horn of Africa country of arming and providing financial to militia groups in southern Somalia's conflict zones, including Al-Shabaab.[97] Plane loads of weapons said to be coming from Eritrea were sent to anti-government rebels in southern Somalia. AU peacekeepers also reportedly captured some Eritrean soldiers and prisoners of war.[98][99] In 2010, the UN International Monitoring Group (IMG) also published a report charging the Eritrean government of continuing to offer support to rebel groups in southern Somalia, despite the sanctions already placed on the nation. The Eritrean administration emphatically denied the accusations, describing them as "concocted, baseless and unfounded" and demanding concrete evidence to be made publicly available, with an independent platform through which it may in turn issue a response.[97]

Somaliland

Flag of Somaliland, an unrecognised self-declared sovereign state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia.

In 2010, reports surfaced linking the secessionist government of the northwestern Somaliland region with the Islamist extremists that are currently waging war against the Transitional Federal Government and its African Union allies. The International Strategic Studies Association (ISSA) published several reports shortly after the 2010 presidential elections in Somaliland, accusing the enclave's newly-elected president Ahmed M. Mahamoud Silanyo of having strong ties with Islamist groups, and suggesting that his political party Kulmiye won the election in large part due to support from a broad-based network of Islamists, including Al-Shabaab.[100] The ISSA also described Dr. Mohamed Abdi Gaboose, Somaliland's new Interior Minister, as an Islamist with "strong personal connections with al-Shabaab", and predicted that the militant group would consequently be empowered.[101] In addition, Garowe Online reported in October that Mohamed Said Atom, an arms-smuggler believed to be allied with Al-Shabaab and who is on U.S. and U.N. security watch-lists, was hiding out in Somaliland after being pursued by the neighboring Puntland region's authorities for his role in targeted assassination attempts against Puntland officials as well as bomb plots.[102][103] Several of Atom's followers were also reportedly receiving medical attention in the region, after having been wounded in a counter-terrorism raid in the Galgala hills by Puntland security personnel.[102] According to Puntland government documents, the Somaliland region's Riyale government in 2006 both financed and offered military assistance to Atom's men as part of a campaign to destabilize the autonomous territory via proxy agents and to distract attention away from the Somaliland government's own attempts at occupying the disputed Sool province. The Puntland Intelligence Agency (PIA) also alleged that over 70 salaried Somaliland soldiers had fought alongside Atom's militiamen during the Galgala operation, including one known Somaliland intelligence official who died in the ensuing battle.[103][104] In January 2011, the Puntland government issued a press release accusing the incumbent Somaliland administration of providing a safe haven for Atom and of attempting to revive remnants of his militia.[105] The Somaliland authorities, which had earlier described Atom as a "terrorist",[106] strenuously denied all of the charges, dismissing them as "baseless" and intended to divert attention away from Puntland's attempt to establish what it described as a "large army".[107] In January 2011, the Hargeisa-based broadsheet Haatuf also published an interview wherein a representative of Atom's denied that his group was affiliated with Al-Shabaab and requested military assistance from the Somaliland administration.[106]

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  92. ^ http://mg.co.za/article/2011-02-05-somalias-alshabaab-launch-tv-channel/
  93. ^ "Somalia: Government captures Al-Shabab militia bases". BBC.co.uk. 2011-03-05. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12657466. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
  94. ^ "Somali Government Displays Defecting Al-Shabab Commander". .voanews.com. 2009-11-09. http://www1.voanews.com/somali/news/news-makers-in-english/Top-Al-Shabab-Commander-Said-Defected-to-Government-Al-Shabab-Denies-News-69585817.html. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  95. ^ "'If you don't want to fight anymore, there's no point'". Mg.co.za. http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-11-24-if-you-dont-want-to-fight-anymore-theres-no-point. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  96. ^ "Senior Al-Shabab Commander Defects to Govt". Allafrica.com. 2009-12-02. http://allafrica.com/stories/200912020945.html. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  97. ^ a b "Eritrea rejects U.N. report it backs Somali rebels". Reuters. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2010/03/16/idUKLDE62F297. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
  98. ^ Cornwell, Susan (2009-07-29). "AU, Somalia and UN accuse Eritrea of armed shabab". Reuters.com. http://www.reuters.com/article/africaCrisis/idUSN29287781. Retrieved 2010-03-17.
  99. ^ Eritrean prisoners of war "in the custody of AU"
  100. ^ Horn, Red Sea Braces for Instability as Somaliland Moves Toward Islamist Reunification With Somalia
  101. ^ Somaliland Predictions Bearing Out: al-Shabaab Terrorist Group Empowered; Ethiopia May React
  102. ^ a b Somalia: Al Shabaab rebel Atom 'hiding in Somaliland': Report
  103. ^ a b Somalia: '70 Somaliland soldiers fought alongside Al Shabaab in Galgala': Puntland
  104. ^ Somalia: Somaliland is becoming Africa's 'terrorism secret' [Editorial]
  105. ^ Somalia: Puntland is Deeply Concerned About Somaliland’s Growing Ties to Al Shabaab [Press Release]
  106. ^ a b Somalia: Haatuf newspaper reports Somaliland link with Al Shabaab
  107. ^ Somaliland says Shabaab ties claim a smokescreen

External links

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· · War on Terror
Participants
Operational ISAF · Operation Enduring Freedom participants · Afghanistan · Northern Alliance · Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces) · NATO · Pakistan · United Kingdom · United States · Philippines · Ethiopia
Targets Al-Qaeda · Osama bin Laden · Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula · Anwar al-Awlaki · Abu Sayyaf · Iraqi insurgency · Hamas · Islamic Courts Union · Jemaah Islamiyah · Taliban · Jaish-e-Mohammed · Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami · Hizbul Mujahideen · Hezbollah · Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan · Lashkar-e-Taiba · Mujahideen
Conflicts
Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan · OEF - Philippines · Georgia Train and Equip Program · Georgia Sustainment and Stability · OEF - Horn of Africa · OEF - Trans Sahara · Missile strikes in Pakistan
Other Insurgency in the Maghreb · Iraq War · Insurgency in Saudi Arabia · War in North-West Pakistan · South Thailand insurgency · War in Somalia · Lebanon-Fatah al-Islam conflict · Insurgency in the Philippines · Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown
See also Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse · Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act · Axis of evil · Bush Doctrine · CIA-run Black sites · The Clash of Civilizations · Combatant Status Review Tribunal · Criticism of the War on Terror · Enhanced interrogation techniques · Extrajudicial prisoners of the US · Extraordinary rendition · Guantanamo Bay detention camp · Military Commissions Act · NSA electronic surveillance program · Pakistani role · Luis Posada Carriles · President's Surveillance Program · Protect America Act of 2007 · Targeted killing · Targeted Killing in International Law · Unitary executive theory · Unlawful combatant · USA PATRIOT Act
Terrorism · War

Categories: 2007 establishments | History of Somalia | Jihad | Islamic activist organizations | Guerrilla organizations | Islamist groups | Jihadist organizations | Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States government | Islamic terrorism | Rebel groups in Somalia | Al-Qaeda | Somali Civil War

 

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